Study shows big benefits from OT
Occupational therapy (OT) can make a significant difference in helping seniors experience healthier, more independent and satisfying lives, according to a recent study by researchers on the Health Sciences Campus.
The “Well Elderly Study,” appears in the October 22 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association and marks the first time an occupational therapy study has been published by the well-known medical journal.
The study is the largest to date in the field of occupational therapy and the first major research on the treatment benefits of OT in preventing illness and disability.
Professor Florence Clark, the study’s lead author, discussed the article this week at an American Medical Association Science Reporters Conference in Washington, D.C. Clark is chair of the USC Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy.
The Well Elderly team cut across discipline lines and included faculty and researchers from Occupational Science, the School of Medicine’s Department of Preventive Medicine and the Division of Geriatric Medicine and the School of Pharmacy’s Department of Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy.
The researchers studied 361 seniors (aged 60-89) who live independently in the Los Angeles area. One-third of the seniors received nine months of occupational therapy, one-third engaged in non-professionally-led activity groups, and one-third remained untreated. Both at the start and at the conclusion of the project each senior completed assessments on physical health, mental and social functioning, and satisfaction with life.
In the program, members of the occupational therapy group received both individual and group treatment to help them achieve a healthy and satisfying lifestyle. The program was designed to help participants alter their approach to everyday activities such as shopping, exercising and grooming in order to maximize function, productivity and vitality.
The social control group went on community outings, worked on craft projects, viewed films, played games and attended dances, activities which were administered without professional supervision and which emphasized diversion and social interaction only. No activities were conducted for the non-treatment control group.
The findings indicate the seniors who received occupational therapy experienced more gains and fewer declines in many important health-related areas of their lives. Seniors in the occupational therapy groups showed up to a 14 percent advantage over their control group counterparts in the amount of positive health change on a range of measures, including better physical and mental health, more vitality, higher quality social interactions, greater life satisfaction, fewer role limitations and less bodily pain.
Traditionally, occupational therapy has focused on helping those who have suffered catastrophic illness or disability, but the Well Elderly Study shows promise for using occupational therapy concepts to prevent disease and maintain health in the general public.
The Well Elderly Study was based on fresh insights from occupational science, a new field of inquiry that is being spearheaded by Clark. The academic discipline of occupational science was founded at USC in 1989, when the department became the first in the world to offer a doctoral degree in the field.
Occupational science focuses on the critical role of daily activities in promoting health and a sense of well-being in one’s life. “What we do every day, over our lifetime, has powerful effects on our health and eventually determines whether we can live alone in old age or whether we become dependent,” said Clark.
“We tend to put a lot of emphasis on diet and exercise, but all-around activity patterns – a daily routine that creates a healthy lifestyle – is just as crucial.”
Clark points to ordinary activities such as walking at a shopping center, exploring one’s neighborhood, or tending plants as examples of ways to keep the physical body engaged and healthy. Activities like playing cards with friends or reading novels may help maintain mental acuity. These “occupations” also provide us with a sense of meaning and purpose in life, Clark said.
For example, one elderly woman enrolled in the study feared falling when making the first step up onto a bus. This fear kept her from venturing far from home and led to depression. The occupational therapist assigned to this woman helped her to confront the fear by creating a practice “bus step” in her apartment. The therapist also helped the woman take a journey on the bus, which gave her confidence to regularly initiate her own trips. Subsequently she felt much better about her life and experienced a new zest for living.
Due to the massive increase in the number of elderly Americans projected for the early 21st century, the widespread application of preventive occupational therapy has the potential to benefit society tremendously, Clark said.
“This study sends an important message to the health care industry: we can reduce morbidity and the effects of disability – and at the same time potentially reduce costs – by adopting occupational therapy as a preventive tool in our health care arsenal,” said Clark. “Ultimately, it seems to be in the interest of managed care and government health programs to include coverage of occupational therapy in their plans. And because our sample was ethnically and culturally diverse, we feel that the effectiveness of preventive occupational therapy extends to men and women from major ethnic groups in the United States.”
Previously, health professionals have been reluctant to target older adults in preventive programs – assuming the elderly wouldn’t benefit from treatment. But Clark and colleagues say their research demonstrates that preventive programs designed for older adults can be effective.
Loren Lipson, associate professor of medicine, gerontology and clinical pharmacy, chief of the Division of Gerontology, and a co-author of the study, adds: “The uplifting thing is to go in with this innovative therapy and get people motivated, help them find meaning and, at the same time, make them healthier.”
“Occupational Therapy for Independent-Living Older Adults; A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Florence Clark, Stanley Azen, Ruth Zemke, Jeanne Jackson, Mike Carlson, Deborah Mandel, Joel Hay, Karen Josephson, Barbara Cherry, Colin Hessel, Joycelynne Palmer and Loren Lipson. JAMA October 22/29, 1997; Vol. 278, No. 16, p1321-1326.
